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* * }} | image_map2 = Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944.png | image_map2_caption = Administrative divisions of Germany, May 1944 | national_motto = | national_anthem = ''Das Lied der Deutschen'' Song of the Germans ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'' | capital = Berlin | largest_city = capital | common_languages = German | government_type = | title_leader = President / Führer | leader1 = Paul von Hindenburg | year_leader1 = 1933–1934 | leader2 = Adolf Hitler | year_leader2 = 1934–1945 | leader3 = Karl Dönitz | year_leader3 = 1945 | title_deputy = Chancellor | deputy1= Adolf Hitler | year_deputy1 = 1933–1945 | deputy2 = Joseph Goebbels | year_deputy2 = 1945 | deputy3 = Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk | year_deputy3 = 1945 (as leading minister) | stat_area1 = 633786 | stat_pop1 = 69314000 | stat_year1 = 1939 | ref_area1 = | ref_pop1 = | currency = Reichsmark (ℛℳ) | today = }} Nazi Germany and the Third Reich ((ドイツ語:Drittes Reich)) are common English names for the period of history in Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist totalitarian state which controlled nearly all aspects of life. The official name of the state was the ''Deutsches Reich'' (German Reich) from 1933 to 1943 and ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (Greater German Reich) from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany ceased to exist after the Allied Forces defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer (leader) of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitler's hands, and his word became above all laws. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler's favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of ''Autobahns'' (high speed highways). The return to economic stability boosted the regime's popularity. Racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples (the Nordic race) were considered the purest of the Aryan race, and were therefore the master race. Millions of Jews and others deemed undesirable were persecuted and murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitler's rule was ruthlessly suppressed. Members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned. Education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed. Recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, and Hitler's hypnotising oratory to control public opinion. The government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands, threatening war if they were not met. It seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939, launching World War II in Europe. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940 and threatened Great Britain. ''Reichskommissariats'' took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned and murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps. The implementation of the regime's racial policies culminated in the mass murder of Jews and other minorities in the Holocaust. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943. Large-scale aerial bombing of Germany escalated in 1944, and the Nazis retreated from Eastern and Southern Europe. Following the Allied invasion of France, Germany was conquered by the Soviets from the east and the other Allied powers from the west and surrendered within a year. Hitler's refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war-related deaths in the closing months of the war. The victorious Allies initiated a policy of denazification and put many of the surviving Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials. == Name == The official name of the state was ''Deutsches Reich'' (German Reich) from 1933 to 1943, and ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (Greater German Reich) from 1943 to 1945. The name ''Deutsches Reich'' is usually translated into English as "German Empire" or "German Reich". Modern Germans refer to the period as ''Zeit des Nationalsozialismus'' (National Socialist period), ''Nationalsozialistische Gewaltherrschaft'' (National Socialist tyranny), or simply as ''das Dritte Reich'' (the Third Reich). Common English terms are "Nazi Germany" and "Third Reich". The latter, adopted by Nazi propaganda, was first used in a 1923 book by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck. The book counted the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) as the first Reich and the German Empire (1871–1918) as the second. The Nazis used it to legitimize their regime as a successor state. After they seized power, Nazi propaganda retroactively referred to the Weimar Republic as the ''Zwischenreich'' ("Interim Reich"). Beginning in the 1980s, German linguistic critics have questioned the uncritical adoption of the expression "Third Reich". In 1984, German jurist Walter Mallman wrote that in the "conceptual history of political, constitutional, and legal thought", the term is "indefensible". In 1989, Dieter Gunst further noted that referring to the Hitler regime as the Third Reich is not only a "positive revaluation of National Socialism" but also a misrepresentation of history, adding that Hitler did not found a state or any "particular Reich". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nazi Germany」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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